Since 1953, special jurisdictional rules have operated in California, as well as several other states. Congress mandated these rules in a statute known as Public Law 280. Public Law 280 withdrew federal criminal jurisdiction on reservations in the designated states, and authorized those same states to assume criminal jurisdiction and to hear civil cases against Indians arising in Indian Country. In states without Public Law 280, the federal government has authority over most reservation crimes except for minor crimes involving only Indians; tribes have criminal jurisdiction over crimes committed by Indians, some of which overlaps with federal criminal jurisdiction; and the states lack civil and criminal jurisdiction over Indians in Indian Country. California tribes suffer not only from funding inequities, but also from the jurisdictional effects of Public Law 280.